References

Professional knowledge, scientific research and reference materials — for healthcare professionals and partners.

What is PLLA?

PLLA stands for Poly-L-Lactic Acid - a synthetic, biodegradable polymer (it breaks down naturally in the body over time). It is not a new substance: PLLA has been used in medicine for decades, most commonly in absorbable surgical sutures and other implantable medical materials, thanks to its safety profile and its ability to gradually break down into water and CO2 that the body can eliminate naturally.

How are PDRN and PN different?

PDRN and PN are two names often mentioned together in aesthetic dermatology, which leads many people to assume they are the same substance. In fact, both belong to the polynucleotide family (chains of nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA), but differ in their molecular structure.

INCUBE ingredient-encapsulation technology

One of the major challenges in manufacturing aesthetic-dermatology products containing biological ingredients is keeping those ingredients from losing potency throughout manufacturing, distribution and storage. Vitamin C and Glutathione are two classic examples - both are ingredients that oxidize (degrade) easily when exposed to air, light, or unsuitable temperatures.

What is USC1994® exosome technology?

Exosomes are ultra-small nano-vesicles (50-150nm) secreted by cells to communicate with one another. USC1994® is a proprietary exosome technology derived from umbilical cord blood stem cell conditioned media - the youngest stem cell source with the strongest proliferative capacity in the human body, according to research published in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (2011).

How umbilical cord blood stem cells regenerate skin

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord blood are regarded as the "youngest" stem cell source that can be safely collected after birth. Unlike stem cells from adult adipose tissue or bone marrow (which have already been affected by ageing), umbilical cord blood stem cells retain a sustained proliferative capacity and secrete large amounts of growth factors.